Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Gravitational Force

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Apples had a significant contribution to the discovery of gravitation. The English physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727) introduced the term â€Å"gravity† after he saw an apple falling onto the ground in his garden. â€Å"Gravity† is the force of attraction exerted by the earth on an object. The moon orbits around the earth because of gravity too. Newton later proposed that gravity was just a particular case of gravitation. Every mass in the universe attracts every other mass. This is the main idea of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. A portrait of Issac Newton. Courtesy of AIP Emilio Segre VisualArchives, W. F. Meggers Collection. The law was published in Newton's famous work, the Principia (â€Å"Mathematical Principles of Natural Knowledge†) in 1687. It states that every particle in the universe exerts a force on every other particle along the line joining their centers. The magnitude of the force is directly proportion al to the product of the masses of the two particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them. In mathematical terms: By team C007571, ThinkQuest2000. where and are the masses of the two particles, r is the distance between the two masses, F is the gravitational force between hem, and G is the universal gravitational constant, . The above equation only calculates the gravitational force of the simplest case between two particles. What if there are more than two? In that case, we calculate the resultant gravitational force on a particle by finding the vector sum of all the gravitational forces acting on it: By adding the unit vector to the equation, F now processes a direction! Interactively test the effects of gravitation on planets! Newton derived the relation in such a way that F is proportional to m because the force on a falling body (remember the apple? ) is directly roportional to its mass by Newton's 2nd law of motion: F = ma, so F is proportion al to m . When the earth exerts a force on the falling body, by Newton's 3rd law of Motion, the falling body exerts an equal and opposite force on the earth. Therefore, the gravitational force F is proportional to both the masses of the falling body and the earth, i. e. and . The inverse square relationship , was justified by observing the motion of the moon. View of a full moon. Courtesy of NIX NASA Image Exchange Photo ID: AS11-44-6667 Date Taken: 07/21/69 Johannas Kepler Courtesy of : AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives. Newton's Law of UniversalGravitation has successfully explained the observation on planetary movements made by the German astronomer Kepler (1571-1630). It works perfectly well in the world of ordinary experience and has dominated for about 250 years. It, however, shows its shortcomings when explaining the unusual orbit of Mercury around the Sun. It breaks down when the gravitational forces get very strong or involving bodies moving at speeds near that of light. Ein stein's General Theory of Relativity of 1915, which has overcome this limitations of Newton's Law, was able to demonstrate a better theory of gravitation. Home Gravitational potential energy

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business

There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business. IT is not an exception. During downturn profit margins take a toll and consumer confidence plummets. Business executives around the world eagerly scan the latest report on economic indicators and search for good news. Downturn affects many segments. It is not only the industry that experiences the negatives of the economy, but also the common man is affected. Economic uncertainty elicits different reactions from different firms. Some organizations simply tread water and attempt to ride out the storm; others swim upstream with the intent to move ahead of their competitors. As executives rethink their business strategies, they should consider a variety of approaches – including some that are not immediately obvious given today's uncertain economic climate. 2 Problem Definition Understanding the problem is a key to solving it. Howsoever generic this statement may be, it is apt to say that the strategies and actions formulated to emerge strong in downturn may not succeed without understanding how the downturn was caused. It is imperative to understand the factors that influence the downturn and how a particular downturn may be triggered. The cause could be many; a particular industry segment might not meet expectations and could trigger decrease in growth in other sectors. E.g. the dot com burst. In this section we endeavor to list down indicators that could possible play a role in causing the downturn. Along with it we also list down the reactions that companies worldwide give to tackle downturns. By way of research we would like to present how these reactions can indeed be made operational strategies to emerge victorious in the downturn. 2.1 Economic Downturn – Defined Economic Downturn is defined by a significant decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting from six months to a year, and marked by widespread contractions in many sectors of the economy. Downturns can be * Industry specific * Economy based * Long term/ short term or * Geography specific The severity of an Economic Downturn is measured through parameters like: Economy * Employment * GDP Growth * Interest rates * Inflation * Investments * Public Expenditure Corporate * Lack of growth in profitability * Falling earning outlooks * Squeeze in margins * Drop in share price Index * Low dividends * High investor expectation * Dried-up cash flow * Low capacity utilization * Urgent need for cost optimization * Increased market competition * Stagnant Markets – Non expanding – Frozen pie vs. Expanding Pie People * Fall in Personal income * Fall in Personal expenditure * Fall in Private Investments 2.2 Company Reactions during downturn Companies adopt various tactics that can help them emerge stronger and subsequently more competitive when the economic upturn arrives. Forward-thinking initiatives that concentrate on lowering an organization's ongoing cost structure are more effective than blanket budget cuts. The tactics focus equally on efficiency and expansion, since businesses keen on moving ahead have to consider both perspectives. In fact, when corporate coffers are clamped shut, companies must rely on efficiency gains to fund expansion initiatives 2.2.1 Cut Costs Cutting the cost is probably the most obvious option for a company when margins are thin. Cost cutting is done in different forms and many of the following options directly or indirectly deal with them. 2.2.2 Improve Focus In boom times, the proverbial strategy is to let a thousand flowers bloom. However, when the financial picture darkens, the businesses tend to do some pruning. An economic downturn becomes an ideal time to focus the corporation's scarce resources -both marketing and manufacturing dollars – on the most popular, promising or profitable products and brands. In other words, invest in the best and ignore the rest. Savings from consolidation efforts can then be applied to further support selected focus areas. Similarly, businesses try to concentrate on acquiring and retaining the most profitable customer sets: How? 1. Forego expensive mass-marketing efforts; instead, market directly to carefully targeted prospects 2. Focus efforts on serving top accounts better than ever. Understand customer cost and revenue drivers to determine the real â€Å"top accounts†, then consider e-commerce and self-service solutions that can increase satisfaction while lowering costs. 3. Learn to effectively use information that is already available in-house to build revenues from the existing customer base. By combining in-house information with proprietary market data, the company can start to understand the â€Å"why† of customer preferences and build a stronger competitive advantage. 2.2.3 Ease points of pain When revenues are climbing continuously, inefficiencies are easy to ignore; declines in per-unit margins can be made up through volume. But when growth stalls, margins come under tremendous scrutiny, forcing companies to inspect every aspect of their business for possible improvements. Rarely can a business simply stop performing a function; instead, it must find a way to accomplish the task differently. This often requires the help of technology. Surplus inventory, high work-in-process and supply-and-demand discrepancies are more costly than ever. By digitally linking the entire supply chain and collaborating electronically with suppliers and customers, companies can potentially lower costs in the short term and improve market responsiveness over time. 2.2.4 Share costs It's not surprising that when margins are squeezed, firms search out and eliminate redundancy. Internal and external best practices implemented through shared or common business models across the enterprise can dramatically lower costs while increasing competitiveness. However, an â€Å"all or nothing† approach to standardization can sometimes backfire. When implementation teams look beneath the surface of â€Å"common functions†, they often discover legitimate needs for variance. Before too long, the cost of processing exceptions outweighs the anticipated synergy savings. An effective shared services strategy requires a deeper analysis up front – pursuing similar parts, not necessarily the whole function. Rather than forcing each function – regardless of line of business – into a standard mold, look for naturally occurring affinities, pinpoint specific areas of similarity, and combine those particular pieces. 3 Analysis 3.1 Reasons for Downturn Studies have shown that the following are the main reasons for downturn: 60% of the respondents feel that this downturn is caused by normal fluctuations in business cycles. The fluctuations in share markets are attributed as the reason for downturn by 20% of the respondents. Only 15% of the respondents felt that the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center is the cause for the downturn. This shows that people perceive downturn as a natural phenomenon happening due to ups and downs in the economy. Terrorist attacks and other reasons, are not the main factors causing downturn, but they can trigger an already bad situation worse. 3.2 How do people see the downturn Majority (61%) of the people feel that downturn is an opportunity to find newer markets, restructure their organization and fine-tune the process to increase productivity. The findings here support our arguments provided in the previous section. Downturn is definitely an opportunity for businesses to take a look at their processes, the way they provide services to customers, markets and other factors affecting them and improve their way of working. 3.3 Strategies to focus during downturn Studies found that during a downturn the energies of people are concentrated in keeping their customers happy. 32% of the people have made this as their primary focus area. The other areas where people are concentrating are in strengthening the sales and distribution/marketing. When getting new business is tough, it makes sense to keep the existing customers happy, provide them the extra bit for their dollar and come up with innovative ideas to service them. Keeping the existing business stable can sustain the current revenues and increase. Repeat business can increase the revenues. With these factors in mind, people are following customer centric strategies to face the downturn. 3.4 HR strategies during downturn Human Resources are on of the key focus area during a downturn. Cost can be cut cost by retrenching employees. Productivity can be increased by extending the working hours or by employing cross-functional training. â€Å"Punish the non-performers† is the key mantra. 80% of the respondents have stated that this is the primary task that needs to be accomplished or that their companies have started identifying non-performers and taken steps to ensure that employees perform to expectations. Some of them advocate extending the working hours. There seems to be not much support for unpaid leave or freezing salaries among the people interviewed. 3.5 Outsourcing as an option Downturns might pose a good opportunity to study what the companies are doing the best and discard the rest. Outsourcing to low cost destinations is definitely being looked as a possible opportunity. 76% of the respondents feel that they should resort to outsourcing non-core activities. 4 Suggested Strategy to Manage Downturns â€Å"Recessions, sound a lot worse than they are — in part because they're a great opportunity to move forward on key strategies and to take on competitors.† To get through a recession the most important thing for a company to do is to keep a positive attitude and identify its challenges and convert them into opportunities. There are various strategies that a company can adopt to not only survive but also grow in a reversionary economy. Based on the various arguments and data provided in the previous sections, we are in a position to present these action items to manage business in a downturn. We have grouped them under different functional management areas. 4.1 Core Competencies Recession is the time when a company must concentrate on its core competencies. Core Competence implies Resource, strength, skills or a combination that provide tangible advantage to a firm. It is very essential for the company to maintain focus and do what it does best. It is dangerous for a company to venture into unknown territories with an intention to broad-base itself, as one wrong decision could make it fall deep in the red. Every company must take stock of its strengths and leveraging unique strengths that are difficult to emulate. It should strive to enhance its knowledge and skill by keeping in touch with the market requirements. Identify strengths and axe weaknesses. This can translate in restructuring, selling or closing weak or mediocre businesses. Selling is particularly difficult, as the same division might have fetched much more in good days. In a downturn, this aspect should not change the focus. Companies cannot afford to waste money and management attention in areas that destroy value or limit their ability to invest in the future. Young companies may not have enough run way for the next year or two. They must rapidly adopt survival strategies. Tough choices range from giving up equity at low valuations; merging with compatible product or service companies; partnering to, in effect, use other people's resources; or narrowing the strategic focus to a bare minimum. A careful study and analysis will help in taking the right decision. 4.2 Customer is the King Repeat business from customers is important to maintain profitability. It has been proven that, repeat business accounts for around 70% of the total business in most of the established companies. Customer delight should be the focus. Offer something to the customer, which not only exceeds his expectations but also goes even beyond it. E.g. Special features in a software application/product in line with the customer requirements. Infosys receives 85% of its revenues from its existing customers. This is what we can call as a â€Å"Customer focused capabilities† which Infosys has built over a period of time. Customer delight can also be achieved by actually sending out people on the field and spending time with the customers to find out their requirements, the value they put on the product or service offered by the company, their level of satisfaction with the quality and other suggestions they can offer to better our product. This strategy was recently adopted by Hindustan Lever Ltd. with their â€Å"feel the pulse† drive. 4.3 Human Resource 4.3.1 Talent Retention At the outset, we have shown that recession and growth form a continuous circle. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to resist the temptation of cutting costs through retrenchment, as it sows the problem of rehiring professionals when the economy turns around. Instead, companies should encourage their employees to accept pay-cuts, and cross- train them so as to equip them with the necessary skills that will help the company take advantage of the opportunities that arise once the situation improves. Many companies that want to cut costs during recession adopt the policy of downsizing. A vast number of talented professionals are thus available for recruitment. Managers can take advantage of this favorable situation by recruiting these professionals after thoroughly interviewing them, thus testing their competency levels, attitudes, and the organizational culture fit. 4.3.2 Miscellaneous Actions Companies can resort to cross-train people in view of the opportunities that can come up after the recession is over. This is more like doing an investment in hope of better time to come In case of situations that warrant stopping the production, companies can ask the employees to take unpaid leaves or giving extended weekends. Lucent has adopted this strategy. It can have a downside to it by way of loosing talented employees because of employees getting demoralized. Offering additional perks to those who can get in more business can motivate employees. This can be mainly applicable to the marketing and sales force. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric Co. called pay freezes â€Å"the worst crime of management† and underscored his long-held belief in a meritocracy approach that consistently rewards the top 20% of employees and dismisses the bottom 10%. While he was CEO at GE, Welch said, 75% of his time was spent â€Å"evaluating people† and raising the company's intellectual capital â€Å"through candid evaluations.† 5 Conclusion: Economic Downturn is a phenomenon that occurs at different spheres of the society and attracts a lot of attention from the corporate world, the policy makers and of course the common man. The strategies to set things right are also decided at various levels and encompass a wide range of actions. Above study consists of observing typical industry response to downturn, conducting primary research through surveys and analyzing the data and secondary research through analyzing reports and news available in business journals and internet research groups like Gartner, Meta group etc.

Conflict Management Essay

Webster’s defines conflict as: To come into collision; be in mutual opposition (274). If you wanted to choose an organization to study conflict in, you would have to look no further than the military. The military has no single approach to conflict management. There are too many individual personalities within a multitude of internal systems to be able to singularize the conflict. It is often the case that the conflict you are having was caused by a system put into place by someone outside your organization. It could be as simple as the cause and effect syndrome. For example, if the 335th Forward Support Battalion (FSB) commander put a policy in place, that his battalion would perform mandatory proficiency training on processing Department of the Army Form 2406 on Mondays; this would cause his leaders to close the shops in order to conduct this training. While on the other hand, the 1-5th Infantry Battalion commander put in place a policy that his battalion would perform equipment maintenance on Mondays. His battalions’ leaders would have a conflict because if they had equipment that needed to be turned in, they would not be able to do so. The FSB’s shops would be closed due to their training. Inadvertently, these two battalion commanders have caused a system conflict. This type of conflict happens quite often in the military because these commanders are very goal oriented; but fail to take into account the conflicts that may arise from the system that he just emplaced. It would now fall on the battalions’ Executive Officer to negotiate a win-win solution to this conflict in a very rapid manner. Without a win-win solution, there would be a visible conflict that would eventually become apparent to the hierarchy and a solution may be imposed that might not be favorable to both parties involved. The driving force for the resolution of this conflict would be not allowing the conflict to reach the â€Å"boss†. I work in the Division staff which often task or gives directives to the Division’s Main Support Command’s (MSC’s). These task or directives often cause great pain in the MSC’s. This is a perfect example of a win-lose  conflict. The MSC’s can submit a declination of tasking, but they often are directed to do the tasking anyway. In essence, these tasks are coming straight from the General himself and cannot be simply dismissed. At this point it has become an authoritative command to do the tasking. An example of this situation would be a battalion that has been over tasked beyond its physical means. This battalion has been tasked to supply more personnel than it physically possesses. The problem may be that all the other battalions are in the same boat. The battalion has to adapt and be creative in order to meet to end goal. The most common approach that I have seen used is the appeal to our common goal of successfully completing the mission. I have had to work with many individuals whom I just could not come to a mutual understanding with. This conflict may have been caused by a personal difference, a different view of how to perform the mission, or even how to utilize our forces. In the end, we have to realize that to continue with this conflict means jeopardizing your common goal of accomplishing the mission. This may result in a lose-lose conflict where both party’s had to compromise their positions in order to secure success. Collaboration, authoritative, accommodation, and compromise are conflict management styles that I have used and seen used on an almost daily basis. It really depends on the person and whom that person has the conflict with. It may be that the individuals themselves do not have a conflict, but that a system has been emplaced that is causing their conflict. Avoidance is a management style that I do not see a lot of. When it does rear its nasty head, it is at the lower levels of the organization. It is usually there because the individual thinks that it is not a serious problem and his time would be better utilized doing something more productive. This chain of thought usually leads him to a path of discord because the conflict will snow ball into a larger problem that has become visible to his superiors. The two conflict management styles that I myself am prone to are competing and collaborating. I am very aggressive in my views and will dominate by  force if I need to. I am also very attune to recognizing that there is a problem or a conflict may arise because of circumstances of an issue. I am not locked into the two styles though. They are just my natural trends. I am very quick to analyze a situation or individual to determine what course I will take to get the maximum effectiveness from. The end goal is the objective. How I get there can be adjusted according to situational awareness. Works Cited Smith, S. Stephenson, et al, ed. Webster Comprehensive Dictionary International Edition. Chicago: Ferguson, 1987.

Monday, July 29, 2019

External and Internal Environments Research Paper - 4

External and Internal Environments - Research Paper Example Social and technological factors are the most important segments of the general environment affecting the fashion industry. Consumer factors like lifestyles, tastes and trends are the most critical within the fashion industry. For clothes to sell, companies ought to create designs that are in tandem with society’s preferences. Therefore, they need to study and analyze demands and patterns that exist at the time. This issue has affected Zara substantially because it has had to follow fashion trends closely during its entire period in operation. In order to stay in vogue, the company often sends a team of designers to fashion shows in Milan, London and New York. It also expects its team to read through fashion magazines, blogs, and other websites that discuss the latest trends. The organization also analyses daily sales data for all products sold in its retail stores. It liaises with buyers to determine what they might like to see within the stores. Therefore, it is a leading fashion retailer owing to its high awareness of consumer tastes and preferences (Crofton and Dopico, 2007). Technological factors also affect businesses in this industry tremendously. This may affect a company’s ability to get products to consumers quickly. Technology also introduces new sales models that may reduce brick and mortar sales. The growth of online selling has affected numerous organizations positively and Inditex is not an exception. It has used this opportunity to sell its products to individuals in relatively distant countries without having to invest in brick and mortar stores in those locations. Technology also facilitates rapid communication between customers and other fashion sellers thus making individuals more aware. Inditex’s business also depends on rapid gathering of information from its consumers. This has been possible due to the

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Possibilities of God Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Possibilities of God - Term Paper Example rinciple, which will serve as his foundational or first principle for understanding human nature.2 Herein, I take Humes empiricist principle to mean that true knowledge must be derived from sensory experience alone. Thus, â€Å"trying to go beyond perceptions, as metaphysics must, inevitably involves going beyond anything that can have cognitive content† (Morris, â€Å"David Hume†). However, if one were to take the empiricist principle itself, questioning its own validity, then one would come to understand that it fails to answer to itself, for Hume’s theory of meaning itself is not readily traceable to an empirical impression on which it depends. Therefore, Hume’s principle is meaningless (Groothuis 5). The problem I will address in this paper then is: where does the impression of Hume’s idea of the copy principle lie? In this essay, I shall defend the veracity of Hume’s principle from the aforementioned criticism. For despite such criticism , Hume’s empiricist principle nevertheless remains to be a valid foundational principle for his philosophy. Hume acknowledges the role of psychology in our process of thinking. In his Enquiry, Hume’s aim was to track patterns in experience or through observation, which would give rise to knowledge and certainty. But where then does the impression of this said principle stem from, since it obviously isn’t derived from any of our sensory perceptions? Since it does not come from our sense perception; it must come from the mind, based on Hume’s explication on the psychological laws of association of ideas. He points out that the idea of necessary connection, i.e. cause and effect, cannot be found in the objects we observe, but resides only in our minds, and hence is simply a habit of the mind; it is but a mere subjective compulsion to relate things by the psychological necessity of associating an idea with another idea. Thus, could it be that he is also subject to the same subjective compulsion when stating his

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Task Management Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Task Management Communication Plan - Essay Example By laying down directives, involving internal and external communication and management of information flow; organizations cater to manage conflicts that escalate as a result of diversity issues (work force diversity), discrimination issues and power issues. In the modern day world, managers face key challenges, in terms of finding adaptive communication strategies that are directed towards the creation of an open and flexible work culture (Samson and Daft, 2012). This is where the relevance of this essay lies. This essay will highlight certain entrenched conflicts that arise in an organization and outline effective communication strategies that organizations can implement in order to mitigate such conflicts. For the purpose of fulfilment of this assignment, the company that will be chosen for evaluating communication strategies is Toyota. The following section will include a brief organizational summary. Thereafter, in-depth explanations will be provided regarding the conflict issue s that arise within the company and strategies adopted by the company in order to mitigate such issues. The critical analysis of the working environment will be done covering aspects such as, structural issues, cultural ethos, prevailing work culture, work relationship issues, network analysis and the best practices. Finally, recommendations will be made suggesting alternative communication strategies that can be adopted by company in order to ensure and efficient and effective working environment. Toyota Motor Corporation, headquartered in Aichi, Japan, is the largest automobile manufacturer, as of 2012, which offer a full range of models from mini cars to large trucks. The company also has many diversified operations that include telecommunications, prefabricated housing and leisure boats. The company’s global vision explains the corporate image and reputation that the company, alongside its specialization in the field of automobiles, strives for and expects to achieve

Friday, July 26, 2019

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Case Study - Essay Example It is also regarded as the third largest public organization in the world according to a list released by Fortune Global 500 in 2012. Wal-Mart belongs to the retail sector industry (Adair 41). In addition, Wal-Mart is perceived to be the largest private employer in the universe employing approximately 2 million workers. The departments of Wal-Mart are divided in three retail designs that are popular in America. They include Wal-Mart Markets, Supercenters, and Discount stores. Wal-Mart Markets are utilized to fill the gap between supercenters and discount stores, providing several commodities, for example, pharmaceuticals, groceries, among others. Supercenters are hypermarkets which contains everything in a discount store and a full-service supermarket. Finally, discount stores contain a selection of groceries and general commodities. Organizational Strategy Wal-Mart incorporation has a mission of assisting individuals to save finances so that they can have better lives. This mission was devised by the company’s chief executive officer, Sam Walton. The mission directs all activities undertaken at the company. This means that numerous clients can believe Wal-Mart has daily affordable prices. The vision of Wal-Mart is to provide quality products at daily minimal prices, combined with the provision of pleasant services. This has pushed the company to its position as the largest retailer in the whole world. Wal-Mart employs its vision to establish the value of every innovation it takes into account (Vance and Roy 31). The values of Wal-Mart Include respect for the clients, aiming for excellence, and service to the clients. The values help in showing consideration and respect to the suppliers, customer, neighbours, and associates. The company has developed a strong retail brand and a reputation for value of money as action plans for implementing its strategy. In addition, the company has convenience and contains a broad range of commodities in a single store. Wal-Mart plans to purchase addition retail stores in different areas of the world to implement its strategy of aggressive expansion. How the Principles of Management Are Used In the Application of the Strategy The planning for the organization is carried out by managers who get feedback from every worker, every year, with regard to their points of view of their work situation and the implementation of the beliefs and values in the company. This helps them plan for the company’s activities. The managers organize responsibilities among their workers by placing them in strategic areas in the stores where they carryout tasks such as assisting clients find the commodities they need. They use Sam Walton’s personal values to design tasks that will make sure employees engage in activities that improve the company. The management also has developed a business paradigm meant to satisfy the needs of the customer. This outlines the way employees will work. Wal-Mart has managers wh o aspire to offer clients the services and products they require when they need them. They use the outside-in thinking to lead their teams. Their philosophy and approach put the interest of the client before the capabilities of the organization. There have been control issues in Wal-Mart in the past. The company’s acquisition of local retailers in a number of countries generated control issues between Wal-Mart and the people of the local country, for example, the purchase of

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Salvation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Salvation - Term Paper Example t Taylor points out that God through the Bible is: Telling mankind that every effort to save them will continue until they themselves find that they are lost and require Salvation. The Bible starts with the perception on how the universe was created. Then it comes to the creation of the first human, Adam, and later his spouse, Eve. It was both of them who did the first sin of the mankind, and that was the reason why God pulled them out of the paradise. From then on, man was forced to earn his livelihood by himself, and there started the diversion of man from God. All these things happened in the Old Testament, and man became a subject to the rage of God as an outcome of his sins. He longed for peace, and that’s when man’s run for Salvation commenced. The Old Testament cites the laws or commandments that man had to follow to take the road to Salvation. At this juncture, it is important to understand the Greek, Hebrew meanings of the word Salvation. In Greek, the word tha t refers to salvation is ‘Sozo’, which is very comprehensive in meaning like ‘to save, to make whole’ etc. In King James Version of the Bible, from Gen 49:18 to Psa 18:46, the term Salvation occurs 164 times in  158  verses (Strong's Concordance with  Hebrew and Greek Lexicon). At the same time, in Hebrew, the word for Salvation found in the Bible is ‘Yeshuwah’ which indicates "deliverance" or ‘something saved’. Since man continued to sin, in the Old Testament, God made a promise to lead the mankind to Salvation, which paved the way for the advent of Jesus Christ, the son of God to the Earth to save the mankind. It is mentioned in the New Testament that God gave the commandments to make mankind aware that they crave Salvation; they were never intended to be the means of salvation. As... The researcher of this essay analyzes the Bible, that is a standard parameter whenever there is debate or discussion on faith and science. Salvation is a topic that often comes up in discussions about the Bible, and, of course, the core element of the entire New Testament. Theologians are deeply at odds regarding the extent to which the concept of salvation is used in the Old Testament. James Barr points out that Salvation has not been given ‘central prominence’ in the Old Testament. Salvation in religion refers to the saving of the soul from sins and its aftermaths. Biblical Salvation rarely refers to Salvation from hell. Absolution from hindrances in life is the common meaning given to Salvation in the Old Testament. To sum up, the researcher mentions that human Salvation was foreseen by God even before creation in time immemorial. Post creation, God executed the plan of Salvation, which he intended to implement through his Son. He promised the coming of the Messiah, a saviour, to attain mankind’s Salvation. The Old Testament is thus an account of God trying to make mankind realize the need of Salvation and the coming of the Messiah. The New Testament is the account of life, death, and resurrection of the Messiah by which Salvation was attained in its real sense. In culmination the researcher states that the Old Testament is the substratum of the New Testament and though it is the materialization of the plan of Salvation, that is depicted from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Media Audiences Are Manipulated, Passive Audiences. Art and Branding Essay

Media Audiences Are Manipulated, Passive Audiences. Art and Branding - Essay Example 119-129). Fashion advertising makes use of signifiers in the creation of an identity, which is usually through the portrayal of fashion through high status, youth; high-sexual appeal, which is augmented by constant reiteration, intended to enhance the identity continuum. Discussion The intermix of images which has been fashioned by the most talented designers, artistes, models and photographers is intended to sell the fashion as a creation founded on image and to sell these images as the epitome to the society (Martin & Bush, 2000, pp.441-454). There is clear evidence of this in fashion advertising in which the products are restricted to a select few by their high prices yet the identity images are sold to the public in the media. This means of advertising is therefore effective in creating an image in the society through media as to stylishness and power through the portrayal of fashion in the cultural and socioeconomic perspective. This mode of advertising therefore offers predicta bility and enables marketers to control their customers since the product functions as a consumption of the promoted images and as enhances the very images in the general society (Adomaitis & Johnson, 2008, pp.182-192). Through fashion advertising, firms that sell similar products get the motivation of competing since they find unity in their common objective of advertising of life styles and standards of fashion. An analysis of high fashion therefore establishes the image identities that are constructed by the media and the fashion industry. W magazine is a classic example of the unity in advertising as shown in the print media. The magazine portrays a particular constancy in the depiction of images showing an alter-reality of sexy youthful women, high-priced products, and art. The magazine stresses more on advertising and editorials are limited as its April issue clearly illustrates. Over half of the 544 pages contain direct advertising while the remainder is filled with photograp hs of fashion, which may be from several brands yet are united in a particular aspect such as model or photographer. The photographs in most instances display the brands and the costs of the products. Advertisement in the magazine therefore serves to reinforce images and identity, which is the primary objective of the magazine (Phillips, & McQuarrie, 2011, pp. 99). The distribution of the magazine is also centered on promotion and selling of the same. The magazine is intended for the high-class society and those that look up to them. A large part of the magazine is dedicated to a discussion and analysis of the life styles of the consumers of its high fashion products. The magazine has sections, which are dedicated wholly to the exploration of the lifestyles of their high-end clientele such as artists and directors. The W magazine is available for subscription at a price of two dollars fifty and has a bout a million subscribers. The remaining costs of production are met by the sale o f advertisements, which are priced at 44000 dollars for a page. This means that the magazine is in the main financed by the purchase of its pricey product offerings by a very small number of high-end societies (Phillips, & McQuarrie, 2011, pp. 99). Art and Branding An analysis of the print media brings out a unity in attributes in artistic expression such as the variety of the color, sense of fashion, and the gorgeousness of the forms, which is responsible for the creation of the identity of a

Strategic management leadership strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership strategy - Essay Example An organizational change that leads to a more organic and flexible environment would be related strongly to the entrepreneurial spirit. This means that there must be an adjustment away from the traditional school of top-down management that seeks out new talent and innovation to maintain a strong level of competition (Timmons 2004). The importance of entrepreneurial management strategy also relates to the need to incorporate unique skill sets and knowledge management into the corporate environment (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Very often, companies require employees to work long hours, and yet remain flexible in the evolution and growth of the company (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). This often has an effect on the balance between work and life for the employee, and difficulties often arise when employees do not embrace excitement, innovation and opportunity, the essence of the entrepreneurial spirit (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). Another issue with traditional top-down mana gement is that it very often imposes restrictions on creativity. An overabundance of policies will not enhance change management, but instead can stifle it and, possibly, be counteractive to the empowerment and encouragement of employees (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Motivating change requires that the people within the organization understand and commit to the change; creating vision in employees is a continuation of commitment where employees know where they fit into that change; developing political support means that stakeholders-from employees to HR professionals-have been assessed according to their place and function in the change; managing the transition must be set by parameters and adequate available technology as well as an understanding employee wide of how the parameters and technology work towards the goals. The momentum of leadership in change management is sustained by "(1) providing resources for change, (2) building a support system for the agents of change (3) developing related competencies and skills among those charged with administering and using the modified process and (4) reinforcing new behaviors called for by the changed environment" (Dreher and Doherty p 17 2001). Assumptions Change management is not without its assumptions. Organizational change management strategies that rely on the theories may not fully examine their own nature and culture. Most management theories assume that change management is a process and not a continuous improvement event (McKelvey and Holmen 2006). This is strongly relative to the idea of leadership, rather than management. Management is a process that organizes and implements, where leadership is an idea that presents and motivates. In the face of business and organizational changes, it is important that both paradigms exist, but as noted by McKelvey and Holmen (2006), leadership is often overlooked in management strategy. To understand the manners in which good managers can lead the organization members through business changes and

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Ontario's Recod on Electing Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ontario's Recod on Electing Women - Essay Example Women only won the right to vote gradually in Canada and remain underrepresented in Parliament as well as in provincial legislatures. The first federal election in which women were able to vote and run as candidates was 1921. In that election, four women ran for office and Agnes Campbell MacPhail (1890-1954) made history as the first woman elected to the Canadian House of Commons. Between 1921 and 2006, 3402 women candidates stood in the 39 general elections and won on 426 occasions. (http://www.worldmayor.com/manifestos05/mississauga_05.html) Hazel McCallion was first elected to the office of Mayor of Mississauga, Ontario in November, 1978, and she is the longest serving Mayor in the city's history. On the 11th of November 2003, Hazel McCallion started her 10th term as Mayor of Mississauga, Ontario. She was acclaimed in 1980, re-elected in 1982 and 1985, acclaimed again in 1988 and re-elected in 1991, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2006. The Mayor was runner-up in World Mayor 2005. Mayor McCallion was born in Port Daniel on the Gaspe Coast of Quebec, and educated in Quebec City and Montreal. She then began a career with Canadian Kellogg, and remained with the company for 19 years. In 1967 she decided to leave the corporate world and devote her career to politics. She was elected Chairman of the Streetsville Planning Board that year, and again in 1968. Later that same year, she became Deputy Reeve of Streetsville. She was later appointed Reeve, and then elected Mayor of Streetsville in 1970, serving until December, 1973. When the Region of Peel was established in 1974, Ms McCallion was elected to the Mississauga and Peel Regional Councils. She served two terms as a Councillor prior to her mayoral campaign in 1978. By the time she was elected Mayor, she had sat on virtually every com mittee at the Region of Peel and the City of Mississauga. She has also served on the executive of many federal and provincial committees and associations. (http://www.worldmayor.com/manifestos05/mississauga_05.html) Nellie McClung (1873-1951) was an outstanding activist who was in the forefront for the fight for women's rights including the right to vote and be voted for, made some remarkable statements in 1929. She said, "We may live to see the day when women will no longer be news!" this hope has been realized in recent years - there is no questioning of women in politics today, and they have been voted for in every political arena. The Election Act of the Dominion stated that "no women, idiot, lunatic, or child" could vote. Nellie McClung happens to be one of the numerous women who fought for women's rights in politics, and other professions. She was a member of an early feminist movement variously called Maternal, Moral, or Social Feminism. Their agitations were not just on the equality of life of women in all areas of society as "equality feminism" later proved to be. It was boarded on better health care, removal of restrictions, women's institutions, cultural activities etc. These activities

Monday, July 22, 2019

Airline industry analysis by Porters Five Forces Essay Example for Free

Airline industry analysis by Porters Five Forces Essay The Airline industry provides a very unique service to its customers. It transports people with a high level of convenience and efficiency that cannot not be provided by any other industry or substitute. Airline companies pride themselves on the way they treat their customer during the flight. They have things such as food, drinks, entertainment, and a welcoming staff. The service of transportation is provided in other industries but the airline surpasses all of them when it comes to timeliness. The geographic scope of the airline industry is at a global level. Some firms are able to fly their planes all over the world while others focus on smaller geographic areas. The five forces model is one way to answer the first basic question in strategic management; â€Å"Why are some industries more attractive than others?† This model shows the five forces that shape industry competition; threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, and competitors. In order to analyze the airline industry we have look at each of these forces. Bargaining power of Buyers The airline industry is made up of two groups of buyers. First, there are individual flyers. They buy plane tickets for a number of reasons that can be personal or business related. This group is extremely diverse; most people in developed countries have purchased a plane ticket. They can do this through the specific airline or through the second group of buyers; travel agencies and online portals. This buyer group works as a middle man between the airlines and the flyers. They work with multiple airline firms in order to give customers the best flight possible. Between these two groups there is definitely a large amount of buyers compared to the number of firms. There are low switching costs between firms because many people choose the flight based on where they are going and the cost at the time. This is some loyalty to firms but not enough for high switching costs. Each customer needs a lot of important information. They need to know the details of what  is provided during the flight. Buyers need to understand the timing of the flight and the safety aspects of flying in general. The service provided is unique. Each airline has a niche. Some airlines focus on cost, while others focus on having the best amenities, etc. Overall the bargaining power of buyers has an extremely low threat in this industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Next we look at the bargaining power of the suppliers. In this case the major suppliers are the airplane manufacturers. The top two manufacturers in the world currently are Boeing and Airbus(Odell,Mark). In this industry the inputs are extremely standardized. Airline companies only seem to differentiate with amenities. The planes are very similar. Currently some manufacturers are trying to make their plans more ecofriendly. Airline companies cannot easily switch suppliers. Most firms have long term contracts with their suppliers. Planes are such high capital products that firms probably make long term loan agreements and have more favorable credit terms when they don’t switch companies. It is difficult to enter into the plane manufacturing industry because of the capital needed to enter. The amount of money and expertise needed to make even one plane is around 200 million dollars. For this reason there are very few suppliers in the airline industry. Airline firms are the only source of income for these manufacturers so their business is extremely important. Based on these things the bargaining power of suppliers has a low threat as well. Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants is another major aspect of the five forces. This aspect has a low threat for the airline industry. There are two aspects that do however raise the threat level. First, there are extremely low switching costs. Second, there are no proprietary products or services involved. Even with these two aspects the industry still has a very low threat overall. Existing firms have a large cost advantage. This industry requires  a large amount of capital and without a strong customer base there will be little to no profit in the first few years. Existing firms can and will use their high capital to retaliate against newer firms with whatever means necessary such as lowering prices and taking a loss. Although there are low switching costs between brands, consumers tend to only chose well-known names. Airline tickets are expensive so people don’t want to give that money to firms they don’t trust. There is also a huge safety aspect involved and most consumers feel safer with firms that have been around for a long period of time. This industry requires plane and flying experience which also lowers the threat of entry. When firms decide to enter the market they first have to become licensed which can take about a year. After that they are constantly being regulated by several organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Transportation. The time and money spend to solely open an airline company is enough to prevent most people from entering the industry. Threat of Substitutes After looking at the threat of entry it is important to also consider the threat of substitutes. This industry has a medium substitute risk level. There are substitutes in the airline industry. Consumers can choose other form of transportation such as a car, bus, train, or boat to get to their destination. There is however a cost to switch. Some means of transportation can be more costly than a plane ticket. The main cost is time. Planes are by far the fastest form of transportation available. Airlines surpass all other forms of transportation when it comes to cost, convenience, and sometimes service. Consumers do sometimes choose other methods for various reasons such as cost if they are not traveling very far which raises the risk. Rivalry among Existing Players The last area of the five forces is the rivalry among existing players. The rivalry in the airline industry is very intense for many reasons. The industry is currently very stagnant. It seems to be in the mature stage of the business cycle. The number of competitors stays the same in the long run  and it doesn’t seem to be under or over capacitated. The fixed costs are extremely high in this industry. This makes it hard to leave the industry because they are probably in long term loan agreements in order to stay in business. The products involved or the planes are highly complex which also heightens the competition. The competition is lessened by the brand identities of different firms. For example, Jetblue is known for its amenities and Southwest is known for its low prices. The market share seemed to be equally distributed because each company has its own part of the market and because switching costs are low none of the firms can really hold a large percentage of the market. The strongest forces in this industry are the competition of existing firms and the power of suppliers. The rivalry of existing players is high and will push out any firm that doesnt have enough capital. Suppliers are strong forces because planes are so costly to make. If the suppliers changed the credit terms by even a small amount it could mean a significant loss for the firm. On the other hand the other forces involved seem to have a weak threat. It is costly and time consuming to enter the market which lowers the risk of entry. Buyers have a weak force because of the low switching costs and substitutes are weak because they are usually too costly. The profit in this industry is high because for most people flying in necessary. It is not a trend which makes this industry profitable for the long term. Airlines that are more profitable are in a better position because they usually have more planes and a larger variety of flights which provides further convenience for the consumer. Recently there have been some changes in some of the forces. Some airplane manufacturers have been making ecofriendly planes, which is a change in the bargaining power of suppliers. This would differentiate the products, raising the threat of suppliers. Another recent change is the use of web portals such as Expedia to book flights. This positive change creates a whole new group of buyers and makes purchasing flights faster and easier. The increase in gas prices has also been a positive change for the industry  because it lessens the power of substitutes. People are more willing to fly to their destination if driving would be more expensive. After looking at the Five Forces Model firms should make dealing with the competition their main priority. The other areas in the model seem to have an overall low threat so existing firms don’t have to focus on those areas as much in their business strategy. Now that we have brought you through our Porters Five Force analysis, the last thing that is important to consider when exploring an industry, are the dominant economic features. The next section of our report will give you an overview of what features affect the airline industry most.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Market analysis of Engro Corporation in Pakistan

Market analysis of Engro Corporation in Pakistan Around 45 years back from today, Mari Gas field was discovered by Esso Mobil joint venture that led to the basis of Esso Pakistan that is now popularly known as Engro Corporation. Today it is one of the largest companies operating in Pakistan with diversified operations ranging from fertilizers to polymer and has also established itself in the field of dairy products with Engro Foods. As the website says, Engro stands for energy for growth. From inception, ours is a legacy of continuous growth, new challenges and fulfilled promises. From fertilizers to dairy products, business solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our ambition is to become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach. ENGRO FOODS: After establishing its firm footing in the chemicals and fertilizers sector, Engro decided to try its fate in the foods and came up with a spin off in the form of Engro Foods. Engro Foods Limited was officially launched as a fully owned subsidiary of Engro in 2004. Using dairy as a stepping stone to enter into the food business, the Company has established state-of-the-art processing units in Sukkur and Sahiwal, along with an ice cream production facility in Sahiwal. Top quality brands like Olpers, Olwell, Tarang, Omore and Owsum have been successfully launched under the helm of Companys dairy products. To support these brands and their highest standards of quality, Engro Foods has invested heavily in milk processing and milk collection infrastructure. (Engros website) VISION: Engro Foods vision is Elevating Consumer Delight Worldwide and the Company aims to generate a significant portion of its revenue from foreign operations. SUCCESS OF OLPERS: Olpers has had an overwhelming success ever since it entered the market. It has now become one of the leading brands in the dairy industry. When Engro foods back in 2006 decided to launch Olpers, experts were of the opinion that the brand would eventually fail considering the fact that there were established brands like Haleeb and Nestle Milk Pak. However, by the end of 2006, Olpers annual sales were of Rs. 1 billion and in 2008 the brand had 22% of the market share of worlds fourth largest milk producing country. Following factors have significantly contributed to it: Tag line Subha Bakher zindagi Ramzan campaing The World of Olpers, for example, involves reaching out to the different locations in various cities and having the housewives participate in learning and showcasing milk-based recipes. Morning shows The Olpers Consumer Relationship Party, another ongoing BTL based program, which intends to create and maintain loyalty amongst the brands users. Olpers, however, stepped into the foray by launching a massive campaign that started off with an introductory slice-of-life television commercial featuring some of the biggest stars in Pakistan. Total Quality Management (TQM): A concept that focuses on managing the total organization to deliver quality to customers. Four significant elements of TQM are employee involvement, focus on the customer, benchmarking and continuous improvement. (MANAGEMENT, DANNY SAMSON RICHARD L DAFT). Employee Involvement: Employee involvement maybe referred to as a participative strategy to engage the employees of the organization, designed to encourage employee commitment to organizational success. Employee involvement emphasizes making the employee a stakeholder in business performance through rewards systems such as gain sharing and through business education. Focus on Customers: Any business largely depends on its customers in order to flourish; therefore, customer satisfaction is a key aspect that the organizations need to take proper care of. Your company will need to outstandingly serve the customer. It may be achieved through the following: Quickly responding to customer queries. Providing information as needed Creating custom surveys to capture your customer needs Benchmarking: Benchmarking refers to the process through which organizations evaluate various aspects of their processes in relation to the best practices that are present within their own industry. They then plan to adopt these best practices in order to enhance performance. Benchmarking is a basic tool for implementation of Total Quality Management. TQM focuses on how to improve the work processes in order to get better products. And with the help of benchmarking one can measure a work process or procedure and then to set a standard and improve the processes to that standard. This would improve the effectiveness and efficiency and thus TQMs goal will be achieved Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement is one of the four stages that are involved in TQM. It deals with the organization employing various R D techniques in order to make improvements that can lead them to be competitive in their industry. As it is said that competitiveness may only be achieved through innovation and that can only be attained through continuous R D. As most of Engros food products are milk based, therefore the Milk Procurement Department of theirs plays a pivotal role in ensuring that quality is delivered to the customers. Collection of milk from rural areas is one of the key features of the milk industry and since Olpers recognize its importance therefore, the department is responsible for regular collection of milk and to ensure the freshness of it. Moving on, in its overwhelming success, the Quality Assurance department also has played its part. There are qualified food technologists that are responsible to make sure that the end product reaches the customer with the quality that is promised and that Engro aims to deliver, thus focusing on its customers. Like any other company it was not an easy task for Engro to step in and for this it had to carry out a market research. First thing that the management noticed was that people wanted milk for all purpose and later that became Engros top priority. Moving on, Engro wanted to further expand its product varities and then came up with Owsum milk, Olwell, Tarang etc. (continuous improvement). However, to them customer feedback was particularly of great importance and hence after Olperss launch in the market, they conducted market research to obtain customer feedback. Customer feedback came as a positive sign and then Engro decided to make further investment by setting up a plant in Sahiwal. (focus on customers) Not only was it helpful for the company to determine its own standing in the market but at the same time it proved beneficial to have a measure of the competitors. The customer survey was particularly important to estimate the number of loyal customers of competing brands and also i n making decisions and drawing strategies for times to come. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS: Engro as parent company. Good relations with farmers Customer Feedback Research Third Generation Plant- only one in Pakistan who has it, removes bacteria content effectively. WEAKNESSES: Collection of loose milk Milk collection and distribution costs OPPORTUNITIES: People switching from loose milk to Tetra pack Improving economic conditions of the country. Pakistan one of the largest milk producing countries in the world THREATS: Fierce rivalry and competition Different prices Principles of Management Survey Q1. Name: ________________________________ Q2. Gender: a) Male b) Female Q3. Age: a) 10-20yrs b) 20-30yrs c) 30-40yrs d) 40-50yrs e) 50 above Q4. Profession: a) Student b) Housewife c) Working Q5. Brand that you prefer is: a) Milk Pak b) Haleeb c) Olpers d) Pakola e) Other Q6. Reasons for your choice: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ __________________________________________ Q7. Did you prefer any other brand before switching to the current one? Yes b) No Q8. If yes, then which brand did you use earlier? ____________________ Q9. Reason(s) for switching: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Q10. Any recommendations that you would want to make (only in case of Olpers): ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents EFFECTS OF VISIBILITY ON AIRCRAFT MISHAPS IN NIGERIA Efe, S. I. Geography and Regional Planning Department Delta State University, Abraka. ABSTRACT This paper is an assessment of the effects of weather on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This was investigated with the aid of data collected from the Meteorological Service Office, Oshodi and the use of questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the aid of mean and multiple regression models. Results suggest that poor visibility (less than l000m) have a significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria, other casual factors of aircraft. Old age of the aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment amongst others factors of aircraft mishaps. INTRODUCTION There have been several cases of air transportation problems due to poor aviation weather at both international and national airports worldwide. For example, in U.S.A. the weather is responsible for about 33 percent of all aviation accidents while thunderstorms are the commonest cause of flight delays (26 percent). Also, unfavourable winds and wind shear are responsible for 19 percent of flight hold-ups (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). But Critchfield (1966) and Smith (1975) have noted the effects of poor visibility on flight operation. For instance. Smith (1975) opined that despite the increasing sophistication of automatic landing equipment, poor visibility from fog and low cloud ceilings is probably the major impediment to air operation throughout the world. In Nigeria, there has been a series of aviation accidents related to poor weather. But the worst aviation fatality occurred in November 1973, when 183 people died in an air crash at Kano airport during the landing approaches o f a pilgrim flight from Jeddah as a thick dust haze persisted. Also Nigeria airways, suspended its flights for one week in January 1983, due to widespread dust haze, and was reported to have lost about 15 million U.S. dollars as a result (Adefolalu, 1984). Studies in this area have been neglected over the years, rather there are concentrations of studies on Harmattan dust haze as seen in the works of Biglestone (1958), Burns (1961), Ireland (1962), Samray (1974), Adefolalu (1968 and 1984); and Dear and Bokop (1996). Even the study by Adefolalu (1984) which appeared more recent in Nigeria only focused on the Bioclimatological aspect of Harmattan dust haze in Nigeria to the neglects of the effects of visibility on flight operations in Nigeria,. In fact, while vagaries of poor visibility on flight operation in Nigeria continued unabated, as highlighted in the Nigerian Guardian November 1996, December 1998 and the Comet February 2000. There are a dwindling number of studies in this area . The reason is not unconnected with the paucity of visibility data as well as inadequate records of flight accidents, delays and cancellations in most Nigerian airports and Meteorological services departments. Even when available, exorbitant fees for their purchase scare researchers away. Thus, there is dearth of information in this aspect of climatology. This study is therefore carried out in Nigeria that is located at the intersection of latitude 4 °N and 14 °N, and between longitude 3 °E and 15 °E. It is characterised with wet and dry season. However, in the coastal belt of Nigeria, wet season spans for 11 — 12 months. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study is aim at assessing the effects of visibility on aircraft mishaps and identifying other factors that causes aircraft mishaps in Nigeria and recommend ways of reducing aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. CONCEPT AND METHODOLOGY The study is based on the concept of visibility. Visibility is the highest distance an individual can see with an unaided Hayward and (Oguntoynibo, 1987). However, in the context of the aircraft operation, it is the highest distant a pilot can see on board (airborne) when taking off with the aid of an unaided eye. Visibility is said to be poor to aircraft operation, when it 100 metres and below (Efe, 1997). There are probably two main source areas for dust harmattan haze that precipitated in poor visibility in West Africa and Nigeria in particular. One is the plains between Bilma and Fays Largeau in Niger and Chad, where fine dust particles are fed to the area by seasonal streams from the Tibesti upland replenishing the dust that is stripped from the surface by the winds. The second originates west of the Ahaggar massif, Tonezrouft in Algeria. From the ‘former’ source is derived the haze that may extend across Nigeria (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). It reaches the Niger ian border about 24 hours after leaving the Fays Largeau source Region (Burns, 1961). Reduction of horizontal visibility invariably marks the onset of a spell, which lasts up to 3 — 5 days (Adebayo, 1980). But some spells may persist for up to 10 days, when the adduction of dust is from a â€Å"line† rather than a â€Å"point† source. In such a situation, clearance of the haze may be delayed to an extent that the arrival of another dust spell is not obvious. Persistence of dust haze for more than two weeks may be classified as due to only one spell whereas it could have been due to overlapping spells. This pattern of occurrence is more conspicuous in the southern limits of the dust â€Å"front† which according to Adefolalu (1968), is a feature of Harmattan dust to the South of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). The in-flight observation on four trips between Kano and Lagos made by Adefolalu showed that the dust layer is shallower but thicker in the extreme north (where visibility is poorer) and coastal parts of Nigeria. But higher to t he south of the surface ITD where dynamic instability associated with the monsoon trough (Adefolalu, 1983), at about the 900mb level leads to rising motion which help to distribute the dust within a deeper layers. Over the greater part of Nigeria, however, especially north of the forest zone, the prevalence of mist, most noticeably in the dry season, cannot be explained with reference to atmospheric moisture. In fact, it is more accurate to refer to haze rather than mist, the former term being used to describe visibility impaired by presence of solid aerosols, not liquid. In West Africa, particularly during the pre-rains period, such aerosols may be contributed by bush fire (Crozat et al, 1978), but by far the greater proportion of atmospheric pollutants is dust from the north, associated with the harmattan. The influence of this dust-laden north — easterly airflow, reaches even the Guinea Coast in the period December to February. The data used for this study were extracted from the archives of the Accident Unit of Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos, (1987 — 1998) and the use of questionnaire. For this data collection, 1000 metres visibility upper limit is used as visibility induce for aircraft operation, the reason being that visibility higher than 1000 metres though affect aircraft operation, but its effect will not bring the desired delays, cancellation and accidents of aircraft in Nigeria. In Nigeria, there are a total of 14 airports, out of which the Murtala Mohammed Airport Ikeja formed the Central collating centre of aircraft accidents, delay and cancellation. This gave the impetus for the choice of the Ikeja Airport. Other reasons for the choice of Ikeja airport, and the years 1987 — 1998 include reliability, consistency; continuity of records and long range of data. For each year, the total daily, monthly and annual aircraft accident as well as those accidents that are weather relate d was scrutinized. The seasonal occurrence of aircraft accidents was adopted by dividing the months of the year into Wet (April-September) and Dry (October — March) seasons. A total of 14 questionnaires were administered to the 14 accident units of the 14 major airports in Nigeria. This was done to elicit information responses on the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. One questionnaire each was therefore, posted to the 14 airports and same number was filled, returned and used for the study. The multiple regression analysis is used to determine the effects of poor visibility on aircraft mishaps, while line graph was used to depict the seasonal pattern of aircraft accidents in Nigeria. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The result of aircraft accidents from 1987 — 1998 are presented and discussed below. From the table above, a total of 89 cases of aircraft accidents were reported, out of which 45 were weather related; and the total number of casualties were 498. During the period under investigation, the year 1988 recorded the highest rate of aircraft accidents of 14 cases, out of which 9 were caused by poor visibility. This was followed by 1992 (10 cases), 1990, 1991 and 1995 (9 cases each), 1998. (8 cases), 1989 (7 cases); and the lowest rates of accidents occurred in 1993 and 1977 (3 cases), poor visibility was the major causes of 2 cases in the year 1997. Over these years, poor visibility was known to be an inducement of these accidents as shown in the weather related column of table 1. In 1988, the 9 weather related cases of accident out of the 14 total cases reported. occurred during the dry season when the hamattan dust haze was said to be highest in the country. Fog, mist, rain, and strong winds are other weather factors that have contributed to the accident rates over the y ears. Most especially those that happened during the months of April — September, are as a result of foggy and misty weather that could sometimes reduce the visibility to 50m in the morning. For instance as a result of foggy and misty weather on June 26th and 11 July 1991; the Nigeria Airway â€Å"Airbus 310† and Ashaka Cement Cessna Citation 550† crash landed at Murtala Mohammed Airport Lagos, and Company Al — 1. Airport in Bauchi respectively. Causalities were said to be 4 and 261 respectively. This was the worst aviation mishap during the period of this study. It was gathered that 5 airports (Sokoto, Kano, Kaduna, Bauc1à ±, and Lagos) have reported cases of visibility — related accidents. This gives 36% percent of the 14 Nigerian airports. Sokoto recorded the highest accident records of 28 cases, while Lagos with 8 cases, recorded the lowest accidents during the period of study. Looking at the casualty trends, 1991 recorded the highest (267), this was followed by 1996 (168), 1995 (26), 1988 (14), 1993 (9) 1997 (7), 1998 (5), and 1989and 1992 (1 each) being the lowest. However, no casualty was recorded in 1990 and 1993 though there were reported cases of 9 and 3 aircraft accidents. The ADC B727 airline that crashed into the Ejinrim water on November 6, 1996, claiming the lives of 146 passengers and crew recorded the second worst casualties during this period. Experts say fears of blackmail or sanction; poverty and fear of being accused of trying to sabotage the airline and government are part of causes of such dare devil attempts that propel a pilot to fly an aircraft when he knows it is unsafe to do so. Other factors that led to these high accidents rate include mechanical problems pilot errors, faulty landing facilities in our airports; absence of floodlights; and unreliable air control facilities. In fact the control system is so poor that sometimes pilot have to communicate (relate) to each other on weather (visibility and wind speed) situation instead of using the control tower. The result of the correlation analysis model showed that there is a high relationship between poor visibility and aircraft accident reported during these period of study. This is evident from a calculated value of 0.85 (72%) and critical table value of 0.51 at 0.01 Confidence level. Hence one can now say that poor visibility did not only inhibit aircraft operation, but has resulted in most of the aircraft accidents recorded in Nigeria as shown from the 72% explanation of the correlation. While the rest 28% is accounted for by human errors; and unreliable air control facilities and Mechanical problems. Figure 1 depicts the Seasonal Occurrence of aircraft accident from 1987 — 1998. While there were double maximum of aircraft accident occurrence (13) in the month of April and September there is no accident recorded in the month of May. The concentration of fog and mist in the lower surface during the morning hours, in July — September, at times reduces visibility to 50m in Bight of Guinea and Coastal areas (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987), Human errors form the explanation to the highest accident recorded in the season. However the concentrations of aircraft accidents are more in the dry season (October — March). This is evident in 9, 7, 6, 8, 9 and 5 recorded during this season. In fact while there is virtually no month during the dry season that has less than 5 cases of accidents, there is in the wet season (April — September). This is evident in 13, 0, 4, 6, 9, and 13, recorded during this season. The highest cases of 13 occurrences of aircraft accidents were in the month of September. It is attributed to poor visibility related to heavy rainfall. Causes of Aircraft mishaps in Nigeria Table 2 shows the number of responses to the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. Out of the 14 respondents interviewed, all the respondents indicated that poor visibility is a regular cause of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This indicates 100% of the respondent. Thus, this is a conformation of the earlier result which show that poor visibility have a significant effects on aircraft accident in Nigeria other factors in decreasing order of responses areas. Lack of regular maintenance (12 respondents); old age of the aircraft (10 respondents); lack of safe landing equipment (9 respondents); human errors (6 respondents) improper reporting system (5 respondents) and fear of blackmail (4 respondents) this showed that all these factor are the major factors that causes aircraft’s mishaps. The result of the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility induced 72% of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. The effects of poor visibility on each of the 5 airports however show that the highest effect was at Sokoto airport with calculated r-value of 0.68, and thus representing 47%. Banchi Kano, Kanduna and Lagos airports, with r-values of 0.67. 0.49 and 0.48, followed this respectively. These shows that poor visibility has exerted 45%, 37%. 24% and 23% effects on the prevalence of aircraft mishaps at Banchi, Kano, Kaduna and Lagos airports respectively. However, summary of ANOVA from the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility has strong significant effects on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria during the period of study. This is evident from a calculated F value 4.98 that is greater than the critical table value of 4.39, with 5 under 6 degree of freedom at 0.05 significant level (see table 3). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The study revealed that poor visibility has significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria over the period of study. Apart from poor visibility, other causal factors of aircraft mishaps identified are lack of regular maintenance, old age of aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment, human errors, improper reporting system and fear of blackmail of the pilot. Viewing the monumental loses from aircraft accidents; accident prevention should be a goal sought by everyone in the aviation industry, as well as by the government. The Meteorological Services Department of the Federal Ministry of Aviation should continue to recognise the enormous impact of weather on flying operation, particularly civil and general aviation, and provide services tailored to meet the specific needs of this important part of the aviation sector. Increasing reliance should be placed on automated systems, as opposed to face-to-face briefing services, to deliver meteorological information for flight planning and pilot documentation. It is also essential that up-to-date training and educational material be made available to enable pilots to enhance their knowledge and understanding of aeronautical meteorology and aeronautical meteorological services, so that they can use that information to fly safely and efficiently. Government should encourage the aviation industry by creating an effective incident-reporting programme. This is done by having reporting systems both at the local (i.e. airline, air traffic facility etc.) and national levels, with the local sources forwarding information to the national system. For a more co-ordinated level of operating the Nigerian National Voluntary Incident Reporting System (NNVIRS) should share information at a global level. The modern instrument landing system (ILS) should be installed in major airports in Nigeria. The 19 new Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), very high Omni-directional radio range (VOR) on Doppler VOR and locator Beacons installed at two run ways of the Lagos airports should also be installed at all Nigerian domestic and International airports to boost domestic and international flights. Also, routine maintenance of aircraft should be carried out as and when due. Accidents hardly ever happen without warning. The combination or sequence of failure and mistakes that causes an accident may indeed be unique, but the individual failure and mistake rarely are. Hence poor visibility was identified as a major casual factor that was responsible for the above aircraft accidents in Nigeria. Other contributing factors include; Human error, absence of safe landing equipment, fear of blackmail and lack of regular maintenance of aircraft before they embark on any journey or flight. Finally, it is recommended that accident prevention should be the responsibility of everyone in the aviation industry. REFERENCES Adebayo. S. 1. (1980): Pronounced Dust haze Spell Over Nigeria, 2-11 March, 1971 Pre-WAMEX Symposium. Lagos, 270— 300. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1968): Two Case Studies of the Vertical Distribution of Dust during occurrence of Harmattan Haze over Nigeria. Technical Notes No 21, Met. Department, Lagos, Nigeria, 13 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1983): Weather Forecasting and the Role of Scale hizteraction in West Africa. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. A32, 103— 117 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1984): On Bio-climatological Aspects of Harmatlan Dust haze in Nigeria. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. B 33 387 — 404pp. Biglestone, H.J. (1958): Harmattan Haze At Kano British West African Meteorological Services Technical Note. No. 10. Burns, F. (1961): Dust Haze in Relation to Pressure Gradients. Technical Note, No. 11. Nig. Met. Department. 5p. Critchfield, H.J. (1966): General Climatology (2’’ ed.) Prentice — Hall Inc. New Jersey. 420p. Crozat, C. Domergue, J.I. Bandet, J. and Bogui, V. (1978): Influence des Feux de Brousse stir la Compition Chmique des aerosols Atmospheriques en Afrique de l’ouest. Atmos. Envir. 12, 1917 — 20. Dear, J. and Bokor, L. (1996): Meteorological Support to General aviation W.M.O. Bulletin vol. 45, No.2, 151— 156 pp. Efe, S.I. (1997): Analysis of cloud covers over South Western Nigeria. M.Sc. Dissertation in the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan. 1 — 50 pp. Hayward, D. and Oguntoyinbo, J. (1987): Climatology of West African. Hutchrison, London 78 — 81 pp. Ireland, A.W. (1962): Incidence of Harinattan Air at the Surface iii Lagos Area. Tech. Note. Nig. Met. Services. Sarnways, J. (1975): A Synoptic Account of an Occurrence of Dense Harmattan Dust at Kano in February 1974. Savana. Vol. 4, No. 2 187-190.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Being and Humans in Heideggers Letter on Humanism and in his Contribut

Being and Humans in Heidegger's Letter on Humanism and in his Contributions to Philosophy ABSTRACT: Heidegger's main question, the question of Being concerning human facticity, struggles to uncover the original ground to which humans belong, a ground from which modern society tends to uproot itself through the dominance of calculative and representational thinking. What is most dangerous for Heidegger about this process is that the original ground of humans and beings in general might be covered and forgotten to the extent that humans lose completely the sense of what they truly need. The task of philosophy is to help bring back humans and beings in general to the place which they originally belong, i.e., to their most fulfilled way of being which is their proper or own [das Eigene, eigen]. The term "En-own-ment" or "Ap-propri-ation" [Er-eign-is] — the key word in Heidegger's thinking since the 1930's — marks his attempt to think more originally than metaphysics the relation between Being and humans in terms of the being "enowned" of humans through Being and in terms of the belonging of humans to Being. I will rethink the question of this relation in reference to two of Heidegger's writings, and will focus on his struggle for a proper language which would be able to say what essentially remains concealed in metaphysical language: the truth (or ground) or Being as Ereignis. a) Preliminary remarks In our age of close encounter between manifold ways of thinking, believing and behaving one fundamental question which arises is: How can one find a proper measure for human life in a world which essentially lacks a common ground? The last great philosopher who, at the brink of the era of pluralism, struggled for a common ground ... ...-1938), GA vol. 65, ed. by F.-W. v. Hermann, Frankfurt am Main 1989. (3) See especially Heidegger, GA65, section 122. (4) I have no time, here, to develop the notion of an "andersanfà ¤ngliches Denken". (5) Anklang is the name of the first of the six fugues (Fuge) into which the Beitrà ¤ge are articulated. In their interrelatedness they constitute the realm of thinking of what Heidegger calls the transition from the first (Greek) beginning of Western history to the other beginning, which the thinking of Ereignis is meant to prepare. (6) See GA 9:323, where Heidegger says that Ek-sistenz is "das Stehen in der Lichtung des Seins". See also p. 350. (7) Unfortunately, I will have no time, here, to develop the question of the relation between humans and gods. (8) Heidegger moves, in the Beitrà ¤ge towards a radical simultaneity of beyng and beings.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) :: Botany

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Breakthrough improvements in the major grain crops have increased world food production dramatically during the last twenty seven years. The advancements in grain production, however, have not brought significant benefits to areas where root crops are the major staples. Therefore, more emphasis should be directed toward such root crops as taro, which is a staple food in many developing nations of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), a member of the Araceae family, is an ancient crop grown throughout the humid tropics for its edible corms and leaves, as well as for its traditional uses. In the Pacific, the crop attained supreme importance in the diets of the inhabitants. Quantitatively it has become, and still remains, as the most important crop. Today the plant is widely used throughout the world, in Africa, Asia, the West Indies, and South America. Taro is of great importance in many places such as the Caribbean, Hawaii, the Solomons, American Samoa, West Samoa, the Philippines, Fiji, Sri Lanka, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, New Hebrides, Tonga, Niue, Papua, New Guinea, Egypt, and others. In these areas many people depend heavily upon taro as a staple food. More recently, taro was introduced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to the southern United States as a supplement to potatoes. Taro constituted the staff of life for the Hawaiians when Captain Cook arrived in the islands in 1778. At that time an estimated three hundred thousand people in the islands lived chiefly on poi (a fermented or unfermented taro paste), sweet potato, fish, seaweed, and a few green vegetables and fruits. They used no grain or animal milk in their diet, and animal proteins were a rarity. Yet the good physique and excellent teeth of the Polynesian people testified to an adequate diet. Taro has played a similar role in the diet of the Melanesians and Micronesians, who ate boiled or baked corms and the leaves of taro. Young taro leaves are used as a main vegetable throughout Melanesia and Polynesia. They are boiled or covered with coconut cream, wrapped in banana or breadfruit leaves and cooked on hot stone. Thus, taro is one of the few major staple foods where both the leaf and the underground parts are equally important in the human diet. Within the last sixty years, investigators have confirmed the superiority of taro over other starchy staples.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Drama Evaluation †Curious Incident Essay

By using the hot seating and role play work to the best of my advantage, I discovered that Siobhan, my character, feels very strongly about Chris and she cares deeply about him because at the beginning, when being asked if she knew him well, Siobhan continuously repeated ‘oh yes, he’s a lovely boy’. The constant repetition also suggested to me that she feels quite protective over him. Her motivation of sticking up for Chris hitting a police officer seems self-explanatory after realising how deeply she cares for him, as I have explained above. She seemed adamant on getting the fact that Chris wouldn’t have done it with bad intentions because she just doesn’t like to be touched. I expect the reason why she feels so close to Chris is because in some ways, she is the closest Chris has to a mum. She also told the police officer about Chris’ family situations because I interpreted her as a worrier. It was brought to my attention how much Siobhan fears about Chris’ future because when answering the police officer’s question of ‘Do you worry what will happen to Chris? , she said ‘yes because whilst he’s at an already mature age, he still doesn’t understand many things that are so simple yet are so confusing to him due to his Asperger’s syndrome’. I found that Siobhan has an optimistic personality because she kept on stating clearly with confidence ‘Chris will be fine’. This obviously suggests that she hopes for the best for Chris. She also cam e across as the complete opposite of Chris as she is bubbly, likes a joke and is very chatty whereas I am aware that Chris does not simply like to chat. The hot seating and role play work proved to me that Siobhan faces the dilemma of knowing that she should let Chris figure out things for himself but she feels so strongly with care for him that she feels bad for even thinking about leaving him to it and only guiding him when absolutely necessary. Using explorative strategies helped me by giving me an insight into how Siobhan won’t get on with someone if they are negative towards Chris. This happened in my role-play when the police officer said ‘He’s obviously a very stupid boy for doing what he did’. Siobhan replied with a nasty tone, called the police officer ‘stupid’ as well and became less responsive to what she was like at the beginning. Maybe her defensiveness is too strong sometimes†¦ Both strategies put together definitely changed my view on the theme of disability because now, I feel prejudice can be a key factor in how disabled people are treated. The strategies made it clear that because of Chris’ problem, people act differently. It’s why Siobhan cares so much and a reason for why Ed feels so stressed. Loyalty seems important too because Siobhan stood up for Chris even though he did do something bad and Ed was betrayed by his wife. I know the betrayal took its toll on Ed because my partner’s role play included him talking about it and revealed how crushed he was by it. From the still image work, I have learnt that Ed, Katy’s character, feels immense pressure on him due to the hardship of caring for a boy with special needs without having the reliance of a wife. I know this because of one non-naturalistic still image we created. It portrayed the rest of the group and I standing on chairs so we were taller than Ed and pushing down on him with our hands. By doing this, it helped me understand how Ed feels under massive amounts of pressure and stress to care for Chris, to cope without a wife and to have to live with the fact that he killed Wellington. In another still image, Ed was seen scrunched up into a corner and this infers to the audience that he feels alone and may feel that he doesn’t have anyone to go to talk about his struggles with, especially now that he and Mrs. Shears are not on talking terms. The still image containing the police officer pointing at Chris with a stern expression was effective in explaining how frustrated he was with Chris. Whilst the police officer was pointing at Chris, Chris showed an expression of confusion which is visually powerful because it proves that Chris didn’t mean any harm and that, in certain terms, he is innocent. My group and I chose to create multiple pieces of thought tracking for particular powerful moments to express how characters really felt at that stage in the story. I noticed that at some points, a character’s facial expression didn’t match their real thoughts. For example, Siobhan before the thought tracking showed pity for Chris yet when she spoke, she expressed anger towards Ed. I feel that the strategy gave me an insight into how Siobhan really disagreed with the choices Ed made regarding Chris. During our section, when Ed tells Chris a lie about his mum being in hospital, I am now aware of how that lie may badly affect Chris later on and how it may not have been the best decision. The thought tracking definitely change my feelings about Ed because beforehand, I didn’t think he was that unsure of himself. I had always got the impression that he knew he was in control, due to the numerous times he shouted at Chris and told him what to do. It also provided me with new-found sympathy for Siobhan because even though she seems to know what is best for Chris, she hasn’t got the confidence to tell Ed. As a result of our exploration, I feel that I can empathize with Chris more because when he did his thought tracking, he focused on how he didn’t understand what his dad was saying. Sometimes I don’t get what adults say and as much as I try to tell them what I don’t understand, sometimes they don’t get it because what may be so simple to them isn’t so simple to someone younger. When we staged our section, although our transitions were slightly limited, I feel we made up for it in the use of physical theatre because there was never one time that any of my group didn’t have a part. For instance, when performing the scene where Chris comes home from school, Katy took the part of a flower pot which actually helped and made sense to our section; Chris had to retrieve the secret key, and using Katy as the flower pot added to the feeling that even when Chris was alone he felt like he was being watched. When I was speaking about how Chris had to figure out who ‘had done it’ by doing detecting, as a group, we mimed the actions to what I was saying in unison to make it look more visually interesting and to show how seriously Chris was taking it. I feel that we used levels particularly well when acting out the police station scene because Peggy, the police officer, stood tall, confident and intimidating, towering over Chris to increase her superiority. This made her come across as a confident authority figure that was in her most comfortable environment whereas Chris was not. I portrayed my role as Siobhan by becoming more facially anxious with frowns and tension etched on my forehead yet bubbly when speaking. When Chris came home from school, I spoke faster and moved around quicker, too, to suggest she is a lively, but rather agitated person. However, I made sure that I was always fiddling with my thumbs to tell the audience that beneath her excitement, there was a subtext of uncertainty. I feel that out of all the characters in my section, I empathised most with Chris most due to the reason that I have mentioned above. Also, mainly because he is the closest to my age so even though I do not have his problem, I can relate to how he thinks a little bit. The play as a whole made me appreciate the hardship of parenting regardless of whether you have a child with a disability or not. I have also learnt that in the play, trust is what people want yet very rarely get. For instance, Ed didn’t tell Chris the truth about his mum when he does have a right to know. Out of all the people, I feel Ed should have been there for Chris to show trust and loyalty during the hardest times.

Leadership Strategy of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Essay

Choose are draw you are interested in and break a discriminate why you consider him/her to be a draw? Describe his or her reveal strengths and weaknesses as a leader. What makes you consider that person as an effective leader? unfreeze your answers in relation to the theories & practices we stand examined in the course.Leadership is a crucial of the essence(p) topic that is deeply studied oer time till today because it has a major effect in altogether the systems surrounding us affecting the individuals finished political, businesses, humanitarian and to be named depending on the heart and soul of leadership nature. The term leadership dejection be defined as authoritative relationship between leaders and future(a) who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their divided up purposes towards a desir sufficient future (Daft 2011).The considerable leader of all time powerful on individuals does not disappear until now after these leaders has been deceased. This is because such leaders not only possesses required leadership characteristic such as charisma, courage, passion, good and emotional attachment to its people which go out further be discussed in the following essay in relation to the elect leader but also what they have done for their followers and society as an whole for their better future.The perfect leader till date who has not been able to replace not even part was the Prophet Muhammad, Peace be upon him (pbuh) who was a universal leader not unspoiled for the people of Muslims but towards every man-kinds on a global scale. He is not just a spiritual leader but also recognized as a leader for his political movement, a philosopher, a family man and also a business man.His teachings and actions were as per the guideline from the Blessed book of Islam The Quran the word of idol known as Allah (Gullen 2006). This essay volition further discussed in details around Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) leadership style in relation to the current established hypothetic frameworks on leadership and the reason why he isstill well-known for his effect towards his missions not in just bed cover the message of Islam, but also creating the par and justice which is also a part of the message during the dark age in Arabia where the powerful crashed the weak, women dignity was misused and bloodletting was considered as a virtue (Gullen 2006).

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Understand the Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture

Introduction The aim of this building block of measurement is to give scholars an understanding of psyche and sort out behaviour in memorial tablets and to examine incumbent theories and their application in managing behaviour in the figure outplace. Areas of Learning 1 witness the kind amidst organisational organise and culture Types of organisation and associated social organisations, organisational culture, Diagnosing behavioural problems, perception, signifi thunder mugce and of private difference, Individual behaviour at figure 2 envision diametric flackes to heed and leadershipDevelopment of oversight thought, functions of circumspection, passenger vehicleial eccentrics, temper of managerial authority, Frames of reference for leadership activities 3 infer focuss of using motiveal theories in organisations Motivation theories, motivating and performance, leadership, Leadership and winning miscellany in presidencys 4 Understand mechanisms for devel oping potent squadwork in organisations Teams and team building, team dynamics, Impact of engineering science on team public presentation 1 sc allywag BTEC HND in Business/ placement and deportment/Sept12 -BLANK PAGE- 2 knaveBTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and behaviour/Sept12 UNIT INTRODUCTION This unit focuses on the behaviour of individuals and groups indoors organisations. It explores the links in the midst of the grammatical construction and culture of organisations and how these act and influence the behaviour of the workforce. The structure of a large multinational companionship, with thousands of employees worldwide, testament be very divergent from a elegant local avocation with 20 employees. The way in which an organisation structures and organises its workforce impart seismic disturbance on the development of its culture.A order of battle of sh atomic number 18d values and beliefs will study and shape the accepted patterns of behaviour of an organ isations workforce. Dep ceaseing upon unlike factors such as type of persistence/sector of the economy, culture of the external lodge in which the organization operates, physical environment, write of the workforce, and coat, the cultures of diverse organizations can vary significantly. The structure and culture of an organisation are observe factors that contribute to motivating the workforce at all levels of the organisation.The Japanese were instrumental in developing a culture of never-ending improvement through teamwork in their manufacturing industry. This run somewhat of a culture has now been exported around the world and plays a major role in the way in which structure and culture contribute to patterns of behaviour in the workplace. This unit, through studying the dynamic relationships in the midst of structure and culture, will help learners to appreciate how these two aspects of a business organization can regard the behavior and outcomes of its workforce.SC ENARIO You are newly appointed store manager of one of the biggest TESCOS supermarkets in Ireland with members of staff from divergent cultural and racial background, which required an organisational culture, teamwork, and berthicipatory decision making style, in order to light upon your short-term and long goals. You were recommended to the CEO and Board of Directors to take the supra position based on your achievements as a Mini TESCOS supermarket in London.As part of your responsibilities, you are also required to carry distinguishable management styles and motivational theories, in order to achieve positive results from the companys activities. In order to achieve the above objectives, you do to complete the avocation four (4) tasks 3 rapscallion BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and deportment/Sept12 business 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1. 1 examine and demarcation line triad different organizational structures and cultures. 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organizations tructure and culture can influence on the performance of the TESCOS activities at this Irish site. 1. 3 Identify and pull up stakes an overview of four factors that can influence individual behavior in the workplace at the Irish TESCOS. occupation 2Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. 1 Compare and contrast three different leadership styles for three different business organizations. 2. 2 Explain how organizational hypothesis underpins the manage of management for the Irish TESCOS scenario. 2. 3 approximate four different approaches to management used by different organizations.Task 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations 3. 1 discourse how different leadership styles whitethorn impingement employee motivation in organizations in periods of change. In tackling this task, contend to what extent victorian(postnominal) leadership styles may positively or negatively could push performance in specific change scenarios (e. g. adoption of new staff rota, etcetera ). Please can how this could help with a change at TESCOS in Ireland. 3. 2 Identify and question the application of three different motivational theories inwardly the workplace. 3. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation hypothesis for managers at the TESCOS in Ireland. Task 4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations 4. 1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organizations. 4. 2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit, limit, or undermine the development of effective teamwork in organizations (physical, social, etc. ) 4. 3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within such an organization as TESCOS in Ireland. 4 knave BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and demeanour/Sept12Submissions Deadlines Tasks 1 (Assignment) 2 (Assignment) 3 & 4 (Assignment) Submissions Guidelines Deadline quaternate Week of Sep tember 3rd workweek of October 4th week of November Hardcopy of the denomination should be submitted at the college reception on or before at 4. 00 pm on the date specified. There is no stipulated aloofness for the work but it should not be less exceed 3000 words for all tasks. each work must be delivered in softcopy versions. The softcopy should be uploaded on to the protection purposes, learners should keep two copies with them. All be properly referenced. han 2000 words or both hardcopy and student portal. For assignments should 5 rapscallion BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and conduct/Sept12 judgment Information Grading Criteria All Assignments will be assessed according to the following grading. reject To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the king to LO1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1. 1 compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture 1. 2 justify how the relationship between an organis ations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business 1. discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work LO2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. 1 compare the military strength of different leadership styles in different organisations 2. 2 explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations LO3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations 3. 1 discuss the impact that different leadership styles may contract on motivation in organisations in periods of change 3. compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace 3. 3 evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers LO4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or in hibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation. 6Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 be and Distinction The grade descriptors provide a framework for the reation of grading criteria to be written and set within the condition of the assignment. The grade descriptors describe the expected qualities of the learners work at chastity and distinction levels. The merit and distinction levels produce three descriptors. Merit Descriptors M1- Identify and impose strategies to find appropriate solutions. Answers reflect that effective judgments have been made about the specific content and the information. The answers show that an effective approach to study and research has been applied within the scenario e. g. comparing features, theories and models comparison etc.M2 Select / be after and apply appropriate methods / techniques An stainless beat method has bee n used in shaping information sources is well justified and summarized. M3 pose and communicate appropriate findings A clear, accurate standard for presenting information has been used in terms of diagrams, charts, tables. Distinction Descriptors D1- Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions Proper military rating and justification shown in all the answers and relevant conclusions have been arrived at thorough synthesis of ideas.D2- Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities Independence Tasks have been attempted with minimal assistance provided by the lecturer D3- Demonstrate convergent/ sidelong/ creative thinking Ideas have been generated and proper evaluation and decisions taken based on facts gathered within the scenario 7Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Assessment Marking Grid Task Assessment Criteria (A. C) 1. 1 Pass Merit Distinction ? ? M1 -M2 D2 -D1 D3 D1 One 1. 2 1. 3 2. 1 Two 2. 2 ? 2. 3 3 . 1 Three 3. 2 3. ? -Four 4. 1 4. 2 ? 4. 3 ? -? -? M3 - ? ? ? ? 8Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 Assignment Instructions Students are pass on to comply with the following instructions on handing in their assignment work piss should be comprehensively referenced Sources must be acknowledged fully by reference books, journals used and URL visited overwhelm the Harvard Referencing System (guide is available on the college resources portal) All work should be word-processed, font coat of 12 and font style of time New Roman or Arial.Subtitles of the assignment should be in the font size of 14. Pages should be numbered in bottom righteousness hand corner Spell memorize the document and read thoroughly for grammatical errors 1. 5-line spacing is preferable Bibliography at the end of the assignment All paragraphs should be reorient in justified mode. 9Page BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12 References schoolbookbooks Buchan an, D. and Huczynski, A. (2004) Organizational Behaviour An Introduction Text (5th Ed). Harlow Prentice student residence. French, W. Bell, C. (1984) Organization development behavioral science Interventions for organization improvement. (3rd ed. ) New jersey Prentice hall Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R. (2006) Organizational way key concepts, skills, & best practices ( 2nd ed. ) McGraw heap Mullins, L. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour. (8th ed. ) London FT/Prentice Hall Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2008) Essentials of Organizational look (9th Ed. ) New Jersey Pearson/Prentice Hall Smith, M. et al (1982) Introducing organizational behavior.London Macmillan Brooks I Organisational Behaviour, Individuals, Groups and Organisation 2nd Edition(Prentice Hall, 2003) ISBN 0877781265 Huczynski A and Buchanan D Organisational Behaviour An Introductory Text (Prentice Hall, 2000) ISBN 0273651021 Maccoby M Why Work Motivating and ahead(p) the New Generation (Simon and Schuster, N ew York, 1998) ISBN 067147281X (Outlines the ever-changing nature of the workplace and categorises people into vanadium types, giving the characteristics and sources of motivation and demotivation of each. ) 10 P a g e BTEC HND in Business/ Organisation and Behaviour/Sept12